Method and device for detecting the presence of multiple insults in an absorbent article

ABSTRACT

A method of detecting the presence of an insult in an absorbent article. An electrical property of the article is measured and digitized. To detect an insult, the digital values are used by a microprocessor to determine at least one of the following: (a) a slope in the electrical property compared to a threshold value; (b) a comparison of the electrical property over a period of time to a threshold value; and/or (c) a comparison of the electrical property to a determined threshold value.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to a method of detecting the presence of an insult in an absorbent article while it is being worn by a wearer and a monitoring system for performing the method.

Disposable absorbent articles find widespread use as personal care products such as diapers, children's toilet training pants and other infant and child care products, adult incontinence garments and other adult care products, sanitary napkins and other feminine care products and the like, as well as surgical bandages and sponges and medical garments. These articles absorb and contain body waste and are intended to be discarded after a limited period of use; i.e., the articles are not intended to be laundered or otherwise restored for reuse. Conventional disposable absorbent articles comprise an absorbent body disposed between an inner layer adapted for contacting the wearer's skin and an outer layer for inhibiting liquid waste absorbed by the absorbent body from leaking out of the article. The inner layer of the absorbent article is typically liquid permeable to permit body waste to pass therethrough for absorption by the absorbent body.

Disposable absorbent training pants, in particular, are useful in toilet training children. Typically, these disposable undergarments are similar to washable, cloth underwear in the manner in which they are put on and worn, yet provide an absorbent function similar to diapers to maintain skin health. Training pants provide a child undergoing toilet training with an undergarment that eases the transition from diapers to washable, cloth underwear as they become more confident in their ability to use the toilet independently.

In order to learn to use the toilet independently, a child must first learn to recognize when urination has occurred. Because urination may often occur during an activity that distracts the child to the extent that the child does not notice urination, this recognition can represent a substantial hurdle in the training process. Also, a child's ability to recognize when urination occurs may be hampered by the improved performance of disposable absorbent undergarments which quickly draw and retain urine away from the wearer's skin after an insult occurs.

Close monitoring of a toilet-training child by a caregiver can be helpful in that when urination occurs it can be discussed by the child and caregiver to enhance and improve the learning experience. Therefore, it is beneficial to provide the caregiver with immediate notification and/or verification that urination has occurred so that it may be discussed with the child while the event is still fresh in the child's mind.

One way of monitoring a toilet-training child is by using a system that detects a change in an electrical property of the undergarment which electrical property is a function of the wetness of the undergarment. For example, the electrical property may be resistance, conductance, impedance, capacitance or any other parameter which varies as the wetness of the undergarment varies. For example, pair of spaced apart parallel conductors may be situated within the absorbent material of the undergarment. These conductors are in electrical contact with the absorbent material of the undergarment and are connected to a sensing circuit for monitoring the electrical property, the circuit includes a power source, such as a battery. For example, the circuit may comprise a voltage divider for detecting resistance between the conductors. The output of the circuit is an analog output voltage that corresponds to a resistance value. When the undergarment is dry, the resistance between the conductors is extremely high and relatively infinite, appearing as an open circuit. When the undergarment is wet, more particularly when the absorbent material of the undergarment between the conductors becomes wet, the resistance of the undergarment at that area drops to a relatively lower value because urine acts as a conductor.

Accordingly, in a conventional system a sensor monitors the resistance between the conductors and compares resistance values to a predetermined and fixed threshold resistance value. If a resistance value is less than the threshold resistance value, then the sensing circuit (herein sensor) sends a signal to an alarm device, which informs the caregiver and/or the wearer that the wearer has urinated. For example, the alarm device may be a device for producing an auditory signal, such as a song, a visual signal, such as a light, or a tactile signal, such as a change in temperature.

These conventional devices may be prone to giving false positives, that is informing the caregiver and/or the user that there is urination present in the undergarment when there is not because there is only one “check” or “test” for the presence of urination (i.e., whether the resistance of the undergarment falls below a fixed threshold value). There are situations, such as when the child sits or other pressure is applied to an undergarment that has been previously insulted, when the resistance of the undergarment may fall below the threshold value, thus indicating a new insult, when in fact a subsequent insult has not occurred (i.e., detecting a false-positive). Accordingly, conventional devices may be ill-suited for accurately detecting multiple insults and/or preventing the detection of false-positives. Moreover, sweat may at least somewhat saturate the undergarment, typically over a relative lengthy period of time, and may trigger the sensor. Moreover still, after a first insult of urination by the wearer, the resistance value of the undergarment is substantially less than when the product was dry. However, the threshold value has not changed, and therefore, the resistance may be lower than the threshold, thus triggering an alarm, even though a subsequent insult has not occurred.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In general, a method according to one embodiment of the present invention for detecting the presence of an insult within an absorbent article comprises:

monitoring an electrical property of the article as the article is being worn by a wearer wherein the electrical property changes in response to an insult;

determining a slope in a parameter of the electrical property over time; and

comparing the slope to a threshold value to determine the presence of an insult.

In another embodiment, the method comprises:

monitoring an electrical property of the article as the article is being worn by a wearer wherein the electrical property changes in response to an insult; and

comparing the electrical property over a preset period of time to a threshold value to determine the presence of an insult.

In yet another embodiment, the method comprises:

monitoring an electrical property of the article as the article is being worn by a wearer wherein the electrical property changes in response to an insult;

determining a threshold value; and

comparing the electrical property to the determined threshold value to determine the presence of an insult.

In general, a sensor according to one embodiment of the present invention for detecting the presence of an insult within an absorbent article comprises a measuring component, an analog to digital converter and a microprocessor. The measuring component measures an electrical property of the article as the article is being worn by a wearer, the measuring component producing an analog output signal indicative of the electrical property of the article. The analog-to-digital converter converts the analog signal of the measuring component into digital values and the microprocessor receives the digital values from the converter. The microprocessor determines at least one of the following: (a) a slope of the electrical property or of a value which is a function of the electrical property, the slope being compared to a threshold; (b) a comparison of the electrical property over a period of time to a threshold value; and/or (c) a comparison of the electrical property to a threshold value. The microprocessor determines the presence of an insult in the article as a function of determining (a), (b) and/or (c).

In general, an article for use in potty-training a wearer of the article according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a liner adapted for contiguous relationship with the wearer's body. An outer cover is in generally opposed relationship with the liner; an absorbent body disposed between the liner and the outer cover. A sensor for use in detecting the presence of an insult within the article comprises a measuring component for measuring an electrical property of the article as the article is being worn by a wearer. The measuring component produces an analog output signal indicative of the electrical property of the article. An analog-to-digital converter converts the analog signal of the measuring component into digital values, and a microprocessor receives the digital values from the converter. The microprocessor determines at least one of the following:

-   -   (a) a slope of the electrical property or of a value which is a         function of the electrical property, the slope being compared to         a threshold;     -   (b) a comparison of the electrical property over a period of         time to a threshold value; and/or     -   (c) a comparison of the electrical property to a determined         threshold value;         The microprocessor determines the presence of an insult in the         article as a function of determining (a), (b) and/or (c). An         alarm device for receiving an electrical signal from the         microprocessor indicates that the microprocessor has determined         the presence of an insult in the article. The alarm device         notifies a caregiver and/or the wearer of the presence of the         insult in the article.

Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a side perspective of an article of the present invention shown in the form of a pair of training pants having a mechanical fastening system fastened on one side of the training pants and unfastened on the opposite side thereof;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the pants of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the pants similar to FIG. 2 showing a housing of a monitoring system removed from the article;

FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the training pants of FIG. 1 with the pants in an unfastened, unfolded and laid flat condition, and showing the surface of the training pants that that faces the wearer when worn and with portions cut away to show underlying features;

FIG. 5 is cross-sectional view of the pants taken along the plane including line 5-5 of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of the pants and one embodiment of a monitoring system of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram for one embodiment of the invention illustrating an order of operation for components/devices of the invention, including a measuring device for measuring an electrical property of the pants and an analog-to-digital converter for converting an analog output from a measuring device into digital values to be read by a microprocessor;

FIG. 8 is a block diagram of exemplary instructions for the microprocessor of the present invention for determining the presence of an insult using a proportional difference of the measured resistance of the pants;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of exemplary instructions for the microprocessor of the present invention for determining the proportional difference of the measured resistance of the pants using successive resistance values;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of exemplary instructions for the microprocessor of the present invention for determining the presence of an insult using a rate of change of the measured resistance of the pants;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of exemplary instructions for the microprocessor of the present invention for determining the rate of change of the measured resistance of the pants using successive resistance values;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of devices/components of one embodiment of the present invention for determining the rate of change of the resistance of the pants, including a responsive circuit and a conditioning circuit;

FIG. 13 is a block diagram of devices/components of another embodiment the present invention for determining the rate of change of the resistance of the pants, including a responsive circuit and an analog-to-digital converter;

FIG. 14 is a schematic of an exemplary responsive circuit in the form of a differentiator;

FIG. 15 is block diagram of an embodiment of the present invention combining the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 12 to determine the presence of an insult in the pants using a proportional difference and a rate of change in the resistance of the pants;

FIG. 16 is a block diagram of another embodiment of the present invention combining the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 13 to determine the presence of an insult in the pants using a proportional difference and a rate of change in the resistance of the pants;

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of instructions for the microprocessor for determining whether a measured resistance is either too high or too low to be an accurate indication of the presence of an insult;

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of the devices/components of another embodiment of the present invention for determining whether a measured resistance is either too high or too low to be an accurate indication of the presence of an insult, including a false-positive check circuit;

FIG. 19 is a schematic of an exemplary false-positive check circuit;

FIG. 20 is block diagram of another embodiment of the present invention illustrating instructions for the microprocessor for determining whether the pants are saturated and for allowing the resistance of the pants to stabilize after an insult;

FIG. 20A is a graph illustrating an exemplary resistance profile of a pair of pants that has been insulted;

FIG. 21 is a block diagram of another embodiment of the present invention illustrating instructions for the microprocessor for determining whether the pants are dry, recently insulted, or saturated;

FIG. 22 is a block diagram of another embodiment of the present invention similar to the embodiment of FIG. 21 and further including instructions for calculating an average magnitude threshold value when the pants are recently insulted; and

FIG. 23 is a block diagram of another embodiment of the present invention similar to FIG. 22 and further including instructions for delaying the calculation of the average magnitude threshold value until the resistance has stabilized.

FIG. 24 is a graph illustrating the relationship between the resistance minimum (e.g., RMIN; the lowest value of resistance measured at the time of the first insult) of a first insult to the fluff/super-absorbent material ratio (FLUFF:SAM).

FIG. 25 is a flow diagram illustrating the implementation of one algorithm that determines the time of insult and proceeds to a post void program, such as FIGS. 26A and 26B, to detect additional insults. As illustrated, the flow uses the default parameters and thresholds, but the parameters and thresholds may be modified to any value with validation software. This flow diagram relates to detection of a first insult.

FIGS. 26A and 26B are a flow diagram representing one algorithm for identifying subsequent insults after the first insult was identified. As with FIG. 25, this flow diagram uses default values that may be altered in validation software.

FIG. 27 is a plan view of an absorbent article including a coform patch in contact with the foil strip electrodes.

FIG. 28 is a schematic representation of an absorbent article including electrodes that are placed in zones comprising low or no super-absorbent material.

FIG. 29 is a graph illustrating resistance vs. time of a saline profile simulating a first insult.

FIG. 30 is a graph illustrating resistance vs. time of a saline profile simulating a first insult followed by a second insult.

FIG. 31 is the profile of FIG. 30 illustrating the logic of the operation of the flow diagrams of FIGS. 25 and 26A and 26B.

Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring now to the drawings and in particular to FIG. 1, an absorbent article of the present invention is representatively illustrated therein in the form of children's toilet training pants and is indicated in its entirety by the reference numeral 20. The absorbent article 20 may or may not be disposable, which refers to articles that are intended to be discarded after a limited period of use instead of being laundered or otherwise conditioned for reuse. It is understood that the present invention is suitable for use with various other absorbent articles intended for personal wear, including but not limited to diapers, feminine hygiene products, incontinence products, medical garments, surgical pads and bandages, other personal care or health care garments, and the like without departing from the scope of the present invention.

By way of illustration only, various materials and methods for constructing training pants such as the pants 20 of the various aspects of the present invention are disclosed in PCT Patent Application WO 00/37009 published Jun. 29, 2000 by A. Fletcher et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,464 issued Jul. 10, 1990 to Van Gompel et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,389 issued Jun. 16, 1998 to Brandon et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,190 issued Nov. 11, 2003 to Olson et al. which are incorporated herein by reference.

The pair of training pants 20 is illustrated in FIG. 1 in a partially fastened condition. The pants 20 define a longitudinal direction 48 of the pants and a lateral direction 49 thereof perpendicular to the longitudinal direction as shown in FIG. 4. The pants 20 further define a pair of longitudinal end regions, otherwise referred to herein as a front waist region, generally indicated at 22, and a back waist region, generally indicated at 24, and a center region, otherwise referred to herein as a crotch region, generally indicated at 26, extending longitudinally between and interconnecting the front and back waist regions 22, 24. The front and back waist regions 22, 24 comprise those portions of the pants 20, which when worn, wholly or partially cover or encircle the waist or mid-lower torso of the wearer. The crotch region 26 generally is that portion of the pants 20 which, when worn, is positioned between the legs of the wearer and covers the lower torso and crotch of the wearer. The pants 20 also define an inner surface 28 that faces toward the wearer when the pants are being worn, and an outer surface 30 opposite the inner surface. With additional reference to FIG. 4, the pair of training pants 20 has a pair of laterally opposite side edges 36 and a pair of longitudinally opposite waist edges (broadly, longitudinal ends), respectively designated front waist edge 38 and back waist edge 39.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 1-4, the training pants 20 comprise a generally rectangular central absorbent assembly, generally indicated at 32, and side panels 34A, 34B formed separately from and secured to the central absorbent assembly. The side panels 34A, 34B are permanently bonded along seams to the central absorbent assembly 32 in the respective front and back waist regions 22 and 24 of the pants 20. More particularly, the front side panels 34A can be permanently bonded to and extend transversely outward beyond side margins 47 of the absorbent assembly 32 at the front waist region 22, and the back side panels 34B can be permanently bonded to and extend transversely outward beyond the side margins of the absorbent assembly at the back waist region 24. The side panels 34A and 34B may be bonded to the absorbent assembly 32 using attachment means known to those skilled in the art such as adhesive, thermal or ultrasonic bonding.

The front and back side panels 34A and 34B, upon wearing of the pants 20, thus comprise the portions of the training pants 20 which are positioned on the hips of the wearer. The front and back side panels 34A and 34B can be permanently bonded together to form the three-dimensional configuration of the pants 20, or be releasably connected with one another such as by a fastening system 59 of the illustrated aspects. As is known in the art, the side panels 34A, 34B may comprise elastic material or stretchable but inelastic materials.

The absorbent assembly 32 is illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 as having a rectangular shape. However, it is contemplated that the absorbent assembly 32 may have other shapes (e.g., hourglass, T-shaped, I-shaped, and the like) without departing from the scope of this invention. It is also understood that the side panels 34A, 34B may instead be formed integrally with the absorbent assembly 32 without departing from the scope of this invention.

As shown best in FIGS. 4 and 5, the absorbent assembly 32 comprises an outer cover 40 and a bodyside liner 42 attached to the outer cover 40 in a superposed (opposed) relation therewith by adhesives, ultrasonic bonds, thermal bonds, pressure bonds, or other conventional techniques. The liner 42 is suitably joined to the outer cover 40 along at least a portion of the longitudinal ends of the pants 20. In addition, the liner 42 is suitably joined to the outer cover 40. The liner 42 is suitably adapted, i.e., positioned relative to the other components of the pants 20, for contiguous relationship with the wearer's skin during wear of the pants. The absorbent assembly 32 also comprises an absorbent structure 44 disposed between the outer cover 40 and the bodyside liner 42 for absorbing liquid body exudates exuded by the wearer and a surge management layer 45 disposed between the absorbent structure and the bodyside liner. A pair of containment flaps 46 are secured to the bodyside liner 42 for inhibiting the lateral flow of body exudates.

With the training pants 20 in the fastened position as partially illustrated in FIG. 1, the front and back waist regions are connected together by the fastening system 48 to define the three-dimensional pants configuration having a waist opening 50 and a pair of leg openings 52. The front and back waist edges 38 and 39 (e.g., longitudinal ends) of the training pants 20 are configured to encircle the waist of the wearer to define the waist opening 50 (FIG. 1) of the pants.

As illustrated in FIG. 4, a flap elastic member 53 can be operatively joined with each containment flap 46 in any suitable manner as is well known in the art. Suitable constructions and arrangements for the containment flaps 46 are generally well known to those skilled in the art and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,704,116 issued Nov. 3, 1987 to Enloe, which is incorporated herein by reference.

To further enhance containment and/or absorption of body exudates, the training pants 20 may comprise a front waist elastic member 54 (FIG. 1), a rear waist elastic member 56, and leg elastic members 58 (FIGS. 2-4), as are known to those skilled in the art. The flap elastic members 53, the waist elastic members 54 and 56, and the leg elastic members 58 can be formed of any suitable elastic material that is well known to those skilled in the art.

The fastening system 80 of the illustrated embodiment comprises laterally opposite first fastening components 60 adapted for refastenable engagement to corresponding laterally opposite second fastening components 62. In one embodiment, a front or outer surface of each of the fastening components 60, 62 comprises a plurality of engaging elements. The engaging elements of the first fastening components 60 are adapted to repeatedly engage and disengage corresponding engaging elements of the second fastening components 62 to releasably secure the pants 20 in its three-dimensional configuration. The fastening components 60, 62 can comprise any refastenable fasteners suitable for absorbent articles, such as adhesive fasteners, cohesive fasteners, mechanical fasteners, or the like. Suitable fastening systems are also disclosed in the previously incorporated PCT Patent Application WO 00/37009 published Jun. 29, 2000 by A. Fletcher et al. and the previously incorporated U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,190 issued Nov. 11, 2003 to Olson et al.

The outer cover 40 suitably comprises a material that is substantially liquid impermeable. The outer cover 40 may comprise a single layer of liquid impermeable material, or more suitably comprise a multi-layered laminate structure in which at least one of the layers is liquid impermeable. While it is not a necessity for the outer layer to be liquid permeable, it is suitable that it provides a relatively cloth-like texture to the wearer. Alternatively, the outer cover 40 may comprise a woven or non-woven fibrous web layer that has been totally or partially constructed or treated to impart the desired levels of liquid impermeability to selected regions that are adjacent or proximate the absorbent structure. The outer cover 40 may also be stretchable, and in some embodiments it may be elastomeric. Reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 5,883,028, issued to Morman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,662 issued to Morman and U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,781 issued to Morman, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference, for additional information regarding suitable outer cover materials.

The bodyside liner 42 is suitably compliant, soft-feeling, and non-irritating to the wearer's skin. The bodyside liner 42 is also sufficiently liquid permeable to permit liquid body exudates to readily penetrate through its thickness to the absorbent structure 44. The bodyside liner 42 may also be stretchable, and in some embodiments it may be elastomeric. Reference is made to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/563,417 filed on May 3, 2000 by Roessler et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/698,512 filed on Oct. 27, 2000 by Vukos et al., both of which are incorporated by reference herein, for additional information regarding bodyside liner material.

The absorbent structure 44 is disposed between the outer cover 40 and the bodyside liner 42, which can be joined together by any suitable means such as adhesives, ultrasonic bonds, thermal bonds, or the like. While the illustrated absorbent structure 44 is shown and described herein as extending from the crotch region 26 into both the front and back waist regions 22 and 24, it is contemplated that the absorbent structure may extend from the crotch region into only the front waist region, or only the back waist region, without departing from the scope of this invention.

The absorbent structure 44 is suitably compressible, conformable, non-irritating to a wearer's skin, and capable of absorbing and retaining liquids and certain body wastes. For example, the absorbent structure 44 may comprise cellulosic fibers (e.g., wood pulp fibers), other natural fibers, synthetic fibers, woven or nonwoven sheets, scrim netting or other stabilizing structures, superabsorbent material, binder materials, surfactants, selected hydrophobic materials, pigments, lotions, odor control agents or the like, as well as combinations thereof.

The materials may be formed into an absorbent web structure by employing various conventional methods and techniques known in the art. For example, the absorbent structure 44 may be formed by a dry-forming technique, an air forming technique, a wet-forming technique, a foam-forming technique, or the like, as well as combinations thereof. Methods and apparatus for carrying out such techniques are well known in the art. The absorbent structure 44 may alternatively comprise a coform material such as the material disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,100,324 to Anderson, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,284,703 to Everhart, et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,624 to Georger, et al.; which are incorporated herein by reference.

Superabsorbent material is suitably present in the absorbent structure 44 in an amount of from about 0 to about 90 weight percent based on total weight of the absorbent structure. The absorbent structure 44 may suitably have a density within the range of about 0.10 to about 0.35 grams per cubic centimeter. Superabsorbent materials are well known in the art and can be selected from natural, synthetic, and modified natural polymers and materials.

In one embodiment, the absorbent structure 44 may be stretchable so as not to inhibit the stretchability of other components to which the absorbent structure may be adhered, such as the outer cover 40 and bodyside liner 42. For example, the absorbent structure may comprise materials disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,964,743, 5,645,542, 6,231,557, 6,362,389, and international patent application Wo 03/051254, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated by reference herein.

The surge management layer 45 may be attached to various components of the article 20 such as the absorbent structure 44 and/or the bodyside liner 42 by methods known in the art, such as by adhesive, ultrasonic or thermal bonding. The surge management layer 45 helps to decelerate and diffuse surges or gushes of liquid that may be rapidly introduced into the absorbent structure 44 of the article 20. Desirably, the surge management layer 45 can rapidly accept and temporarily hold the liquid prior to releasing the liquid into the storage or retention portions of the absorbent structure 44. Examples of suitable surge management layers 45 are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,166; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,490,846. Other suitable surge management materials are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,973. The entire disclosures of these patents are incorporated by reference herein.

Optionally, a substantially liquid permeable wrapsheet (not shown) may surround the absorbent structure 44 to help maintain the integrity of the absorbent structure 44.

The training pants 20 of the present invention include a wetness monitoring system for detecting the presence of urine (broadly, an insult) within the pants 20. Although the wetness monitoring system may take on other configurations, this particular configuration of the system monitors an electrical characteristic of the pants and determines whether the child has urinated in the pants using such electrical characteristic. After detection of urine, the system informs a caregiver and/or a child of the presence of the urine by generating an insult alarm. The alarm may be, for example, either an auditory signal, such as a song, or a tactile signal, such as temperature change, or a visual signal, such as a blinking light. It is understood that the system may comprise a device for sending a wireless signal to a remote auditory, visual, tactile or other sensory alarm.

In one particularly suitable embodiment, shown best in FIGS. 2-4, one example of the wetness monitoring system is generally indicated by reference numeral 70. The monitoring system 70 includes a sensor for detecting the electrical property (e.g., resistance R) of the article. The sensor includes a pair of spaced apart generally parallel conductors C1, C2 disposed within the pants 20 that define a monitoring area 74 of the pants disposed between the conductors. The conductors C1, C2 may be constructed of any material that is generally electrically conductive. For example, the conductors may be constructed of metal strips (e.g., aluminum strips), metal films, coated films, conductive polymers, conductive inks, or conductive threads. Other conductors are within the scope of this invention. The conductors C1, C2 extend longitudinally from the front waist region 22, through the crotch region 26, to the back waist region 24 of the pants 20. As shown best in FIG. 5, the conductors C1, C2 are disposed within the absorbent assembly 32 between the absorbent structure 44 and the surge management layer 45, although the conductors may be disposed at other locations without departing from the scope of this invention.

Current i from a current source B (illustrated schematically in FIG. 6) runs through the conductors C1, C2 of the sensor. The current source i may be a direct current source such as a battery (as illustrated), or an alternating current source. In the illustrated embodiment, the conductors C1, C2 are electrically connected to the current source by way of electrically conductive snap fasteners 79. Other ways of electrically connecting the conductors to the current source are within the scope of this invention. As illustrated in FIG. 3, each corresponding end of each conductor C1, C2 is connected to a first snap fastener member 79A located in the front waist region 22 of the pants 20. Alternatively, the first snap fastener member may be located in the back waist region 24, or other locations on the pants 20. A housing 82 that houses the current source i has corresponding second snap fastener elements 79B for engaging the first snap fasteners 79A and securing the housing to the pants 20. In addition to the current source i, the housing 82 of the present embodiment also houses the remaining components of the wetness monitoring system 70 that will be described hereinafter, although it is contemplated that the housing may include only some or none of the remaining components. In the illustrated embodiment the housing 82 is releasably secured to the pants 20 by way of the snap fasteners 79, although it is understood that the housing may be permanently secured to the pants without departing from the scope of this invention.

A measuring device 85 (FIG. 6) of the sensor measures an electrical property of the monitoring area 74 of the pants 20. In one embodiment, the resistance R of the monitoring area 74 of the pants 20 is measured. Because the conductors C1, C2 are spaced apart, current from the current source i must pass through the monitoring area 74 to complete the circuit. As illustrated schematically in FIG. 6, the monitoring area 74 acts essentially as a resistor, as indicated by reference character R. When the monitoring area 74 is dry (e.g., before the presence of an insult), the resistance of the monitoring area is relatively high, for example, some resistance above 200 kΩ. When the monitoring area 74 is wetted, for example by an insult, its resistance drops, for example, to some resistance less than 200 KΩ because of the electrically conductive nature of urine.

In another embodiment, the conductance of the monitoring area 74 of the pants 20 is measured. As stated above, urine is electrically conductive and the article 20, generally is not electrically conductive. Therefore, when the monitoring area 74 of the pants 20 is wetted, its conductance is greater than when it is dry. Other electrical properties of the pants 20, including impedance, may be measured without departing from the scope of this invention.

The measuring device 85 produces an analog output signal (FIG. 6) indicative of the electrical property of the monitoring area 74 of the pants 20. For example, the measuring device 85 can measure a voltage drop across the monitoring area 74, and produce an analog output signal corresponding to the voltage drop. The output voltage signal can be used to determine other electrical properties, such as resistance or current, by performing suitable calculations known in the art or using a reference table. For example, as is well known in the art, the voltage drop is indicative of the resistance of the pants when the current is constant. Thus, as explained below in further detail, the resistance of the pants 20 may be determined using the analog output signal of the measuring device 85.

In one embodiment of the present invention, a percent difference test is conducted on the measured resistance of the pants 20 to determine the presence (or lack thereof) of an insult in the pants as the pants are being worn by the wearer. In this embodiment, a proportional difference (e.g., a percent difference) in the measured electrical property of the monitoring area of the pants over time is determined, and this proportional difference is compared with a difference threshold value to determine if an insult is present in the pants. As used herein, a threshold may be any calculated, preset or arbitrary value including a weighted value, a scaled value, an adjustable value or a value that is a function of another value.

In one example of this embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 7, an analog-to-digital converter 89 receives the analog output signal from the measuring device 85 and converts the signal into a digital output signal. A microprocessor 93 receives the digital output signal, which is representative of the magnitude of the electrical property (e.g., resistance) of the pants 20, and analyzes it to determine the presence of an insult. If the microprocessor 93 detects the presence of an insult, then it activates the insult alarm 95. The analog-to-digital converter 89 is a conventional device for converting analog signals into digital signal that can be read by a microprocessor. The analog-to-digital converter 89 of the present embodiment may be a separate device or it may be a component of the microprocessor 93. For illustrative purposes, the electrical property will hereinafter be referred to as resistance although, as noted above, it may be any variable property of the garment which reflects wetness.

FIG. 8 illustrates schematically the instructions of the microprocessor 93 for determining the percent difference in the resistance of the pants 20 and comparing the percent difference to a difference threshold value to determine the presence of an insult. At instruction 100 the microprocessor 93 collects and stores in its memory a first resistance value (R1) from the digital output signal. The microprocessor 93 then delays sampling for a period of time at instruction 102 before collecting and storing a second resistance value (R2) at instruction 104. The delay may be programmed or may be a function of the sampling rate of the A/D converter 89 and/or the microprocessor 93.

With the stored first and second resistance values (R1, R2), at instruction 106 the microprocessor 93 subtracts the second value (R2) from the first value (R1) and divides the resulting difference by the first value (R1) and multiplies the resulting quotient by 100%. The resulting value is stored as a difference indicator value (DIV) at instruction 108.

At instruction 110, the resulting difference indicator value (DIV) is then compared to a difference threshold value (DTV) to determine if an insult is present. For example, if the difference indicator value (DIV) is greater than the difference threshold value (DTV) then this is indicative of the presence of an insult. As an example, the difference threshold value (DTV) may be a value between 10% and 20% (indicating a 10% and 20% decrease in resistance), or more particularly, the difference threshold value may be about 15%. If the comparison of the difference indicator value to the difference threshold value is indicative of the presence of an insult, then, if there are no other indicators, the microprocessor 93 activates the insult alarm 95 at instruction 112 to inform the caregiver and/or the wearer of the presence of an insult. If, however, the comparison of the difference indicator value (DIV) to the difference threshold value (DTV) is not indicative of the presence of an insult, then, if there are no other indicators, the microprocessor 93 is instructed to repeat the above steps for determining new difference indicator values and comparing them to the difference threshold value until an insult is indicated.

The percent difference test is meant to be more accurate (that is, detects insults better and detects false-positives less frequently) than the conventional magnitude threshold test because the percent difference test is independent of the magnitude of the resistance of the pants prior to an insult. The percent difference test focuses on the amount of change in the resistance and allows for more accurate detection of multiple voids.

As an example, if the resistance changes from 200 KΩ to 50 KΩ, giving a difference indicator value of 75%, and the difference threshold is 20%, then the insult alarm would be activated. As another example, if the resistance changes from 60 KΩ to 50 KΩ, giving a difference indicator value of 17%, and the difference threshold is 20%, then the insult alarm would not be activated.

In another example of the difference embodiment, the instructions for the microprocessor 93 may involve determining the percent difference between previous successive resistance values compared to a present value, e.g., the difference between a third resistance value (R3) and second resistance value (R2) and the third value (R3) and a first resistance value (R1).

FIG. 9 illustrates schematically the instructions of the microprocessor for this embodiment. At instruction 116 the microprocessor 93 collects and stores in its memory a first resistance value (R1) from the digital output signal at a first time. The microprocessor then delays for a period of time at instruction 118 before collecting and storing a second resistance value (R2) at instruction 120. At instruction 122 the microprocessor 93 delays, and then it collects and stores a third resistance value (R3) at instruction 124. With the values stored, the microprocessor 93 subtracts the second value (R2) from the third value (R3) and divides the resulting difference by the second value (R2) at instruction 126 to get a percent difference. The percent difference is stored as a first difference indicator value (DIV 1) at instruction 128 and compared to the difference threshold value (DTV) at instruction 130 to determine if the comparison is indicative of the presence of an insult.

If the comparison of the first difference indicator value (DIV 1) is indicative of the presence of an insult, then the insult alarm 95 is activated at instruction 132. If the comparison is not indicative of the presence of an insult then the microprocessor is instructed at 134 to calculate a second difference indicator value (DIV 2) by subtracting the first value (R1) from the third value (R3) and dividing the difference by the first value (R1). This second percent difference (DIV 2) is stored as the second difference indicator value (DIV 2) at instruction 136. At instruction 138 the second difference indicator value (DIV 2) is then compared to the difference threshold value (DTV).

If the comparison of the second difference indicator value (DIV 2) to the difference threshold value (DTV) is indicative of the presence of an insult, then the insult alarm is activated at the instruction 132. If the comparison is not indicative of the presence of an insult, then the microprocessor is instructed to repeat the above steps for comparing a new difference indicator value to the difference threshold value until an insult is indicated.

In the above example, if either the first indicator value (DIV 1) or the second indicator value (DIV 2) is below the difference threshold value (DIV), the microprocessor 93 activates the insult alarm 95. It is also contemplated that only when both the first indicator value and the second indicator value are greater than the threshold value (i.e., both comparisons are indicative of the present of an insult) would the alarm 95 be indicated. For example, if the first, second, and third values are 85 KΩ, 75 KΩ, and 65 KΩ, respectively, then the difference indicator values for R3-R2 and R3-R1 are 13% and 24%, respectively. Assuming the difference threshold value is 20%, the insult alarm would not be activated when comparing R3-R2 to threshold value, but would be activated when comparing R3-R1 to threshold value.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a rate of change test is conducted on the measured electrical property of the pants 20 to determine the presence (or lack thereof) of an insult. In this embodiment, a rate of change of the measured electrical property of the monitoring area 74 of the pants 20 over a period of time is determined, and this rate of change is compared with a rate threshold value to determine if an insult is present in the pants.

In one example of this embodiment, the output signal from the measuring device is converted to a digital output signal (via the analog-to-digital converter 89, for example) and received by the microprocessor 93 as explained above and shown in FIG. 7. FIG. 10 illustrates schematically one example of the instructions of the microprocessor 93 for determining the rate of change in the resistance of the pants 20 and comparing the rate of change to a rate threshold value to determine the presence of an insult. At instruction 142 the microprocessor 93 collects and stores in its memory a first resistance value (R1) from the digital output signal at a first time. The microprocessor 93 then delays for a period of time at instruction 144 before collecting and storing a second resistance value (R2) at instruction 146. As explained above, the delay is determined by the sampling period of the A/D converter 89 and/or is programmable by instructions within the microprocessor 93.

With the stored first and second values (R1, R2), the microprocessor 93 subtracts the second value from the first value and divides the resulting difference by the sampling period at instruction 148. The resulting value is stored as a rate indicator value (RIV) at instruction 150. At instruction 152, the microprocessor 93 compares the resulting rate indicator value (RIV) to a rate threshold value (RTV) to determine if an insult is present. For example, if the rate indicator value (RIV) is greater than the rate threshold value (RTV) then this is indicative of the presence of an insult. If the comparison of the rate indicator value to the rate threshold value is indicative of the presence of an insult, then, if there are no other indicators, the microprocessor 93 activates the insult alarm 95 to inform the caregiver and/or the wearer of the presence of an insult at instruction 154. If, however, the comparison of the rate indicator value to the rate threshold value is not indicative of the presence of an insult, then, if there are no other indicators, the microprocessor 93 is instructed to repeat the above steps for determining new rate indicator values and comparing them to the rate threshold value until an insult is indicated.

Like the percent difference test discussed above, the rate of change test is meant to be more accurate (that is, detects insults better and detects false-positives less frequently) than the conventional magnitude threshold test because the rate of change test is independent of the magnitude of the electrical property of the pants and focuses on how quickly the property changes.

For example, if the resistance changes from 200 KΩ to 50 k over a period of 0.3 seconds, giving a rate indicator value of 450 KΩ/s, and the rate threshold value is 25 KΩ/s, then the insult alarm would be activated. As another example, if the resistance changes from 75 KΩ to 68 KΩ over a period of 0.3 seconds, giving a rate indicator value of 21 KΩ/s, and the rate threshold value is 25 KΩ/s, then the insult alarm would be not activated. The drop in resistance of this latter example may be caused by variations within saturated pants, the presence of sweat, or a number of other causations other than an insult.

As illustrated in FIG. 11, in another example of the rate of change embodiment, the instructions for the microprocessor may involve determining the rate of change between previous successive values compared to a present value (e.g., the rate of change between a third value and second value and a third value and first value). This example is substantially similar to the instruction given in FIG. 9 with respect to the percent difference embodiment, except that the first rate indicator value (RIV 1) between third value (R3) and the second value (R2) is determined at instruction 160 and compared to the rate threshold value (RTV) at instruction 162, and the second rate indicator value (RIV 2) between third value (R3) and the first value (R1) is determined at instruction 164 and compared to the rate threshold value (RTV) at instruction 166.

In another example of the rate of change embodiment (FIGS. 12 and 13) the output signal from the measuring device 85 is fed through a responsive circuit 165 that produces an analog rate of change signal indicative of the rate of change of the analog output signal from the measuring device. For example, when the measuring device 85 generates a voltage signal, an operational amplifier, such as a differentiator, may be used to generate a signal indicative of the rate of change of the voltage. An exemplary differentiator suitable for use with this embodiment of the invention is illustrated schematically in FIG. 14. The input 169 of the differentiator 167 of FIG. 14 is the analog output signal from the measuring device 85, and the output 170 of the differentiator is a linear representation of the change in the rate of change of the resistance profile.

Referring back to FIG. 12, in one example using the responsive circuit 165 of the present embodiment, a conditioning circuit 175 receives the analog right of change signal from the responsive circuit 165. The conditioning circuit 175 is a threshold detector determining whether the analog rate of change signal has a value greater than a value which corresponds to the rate threshold value. The conditioning circuit 175 produces a positive output voltage (e.g., +5 volts) if the output signal from the responsive circuit 165 indicates a rate of change that is greater than the rate threshold value. Otherwise, the conditioning circuit 175 produces a different signal such as no signal (e.g., 0 volts) or a negative signal. In response to the output from the conditioning circuit 175, the microprocessor 93 (broadly, an indicator) recognizes the positive signal as corresponding to the insult and activates the insult alarm 95 whereas the microprocessor ignores the no signal or negative signal. Alternatively, the microprocessor can be programmed to respond to no signal (e.g., 0 volts) or a negative signal (e.g., −5 volts) to activate the insult alarm 95.

Referring to FIG. 13, alternatively, in another example using the responsive circuit 165, an analog-to-digital converter 89 converts the analog rate of change signal from the responsive circuit into a digital output signal indicative of the rate of change of the resistance of the pants. The microprocessor 93 receives the digital output signal to collect and store rate indicator values. The stored digital values are indicative of rate indicator values, and the microprocessor 93 compares the stored values to the rate threshold value to determine if there is an indication of the presence of an insult in the pants.

In another embodiment, both the percent difference embodiment and the rate of change embodiment may be combined into a single embodiment, whereby the insult alarm 95 is activated only if both the comparison of the difference indicator value (DIV) to the difference threshold value (DTV) and the comparison of the rate indicator value (RIV) to the rate threshold value (RTV) are indicative of the presence of an insult. Alternatively, the insult alarm may be activated if either the comparison of the difference indicator value to the difference threshold value or the comparison of the rate indicator value to the rate threshold value are indicative of the presence of an insult.

One example of this embodiment (not shown) is a combination of the examples of FIGS. 8 and 10 (using R2-R1) or FIGS. 9 and 11 (using R3-R2 and R3-R1) where the analog output signal from the measuring device is converted to a digital output signal and the microprocessor is instructed to compute both the rate indicator values and the difference indicator values and compare both values to respective threshold values to determine the presence of an insult using the digital output signal.

Another example is illustrated in FIG. 15. This example is a combination of aspects of the embodiments of FIGS. 7 and 12. The analog output signal from the measuring device 85 is provided to both an analog-to-digital converter 89 and a responsive circuit 165. The microprocessor 93 uses the digital output signal from the analog-to-digital converter 89 to compute the difference indicator value (an optionally a second difference indicator value) and determine if the comparison of the indicator value(s) to the difference threshold value is indicative of the presence of an insult, as illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9. As explained above and illustrated in FIG. 12, the conditioning circuit 175 receives the analog rate of change signal from the responsive circuit 165 and produces a corresponding output signal to the microprocessor 93 indicative of the presence of an insult. As explained above, the microprocessor 93 may be instructed to activate the insult alarm 95 if both the percent difference test and the rate of change test indicates an insult, or alternatively, the microprocessor may be instructed to activate the insult alarm if either the percent difference test or the rate of change test indicates an insult.

Yet another example of the present embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 16. This example is a combination of the aspects of the embodiments of FIGS. 7 and 13. The analog output signal from the measuring device 85 is provided to both a first analog-to-digital converter 89A and a responsive circuit 165. The microprocessor 93 uses the digital output signal from the first analog-to-digital converter 89A to compute the difference indicator value (and optionally a second difference indicator value) and determine if the comparison of the value(s) to the difference threshold value is indicative of the presence of an insult, as illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9. As illustrated in FIG. 13, the analog rate of change signal from the responsive circuit 165 is converted into a digital rate of change signal by a second analog-to-digital converter 89B. The digital rate of change signal is then sent to the microprocessor 93, where the microprocessor compares the digital values to a rate threshold value to indicate the presence of an insult. Again, depending on the instruction of the microprocessor 93, either the insult alarm 95 is activated when either both the rate of change test and the percent difference test indicates an insult or when either test indicates an insult.

In another embodiment of the present invention (FIGS. 17 and 18), a false-positive check is implemented to determine if a measured electrical property is either too high or too low to have been caused by the presence of an insult. For example, if the resistance of the pants 20 is very high (e.g., above 5,000 KΩ) then this is may be an indication that the sensor has not been properly insulated. As another example, if the resistance of the pants is very low (e.g., below 0.5 KΩ) then this is may be an indication that the conductors inside the pants are touching, for example, thereby forming a short circuit. This false-positive check embodiment may be used in combination with any other embodiment of this invention or with any other embodiment for determining the presence of an insult. For example, this embodiment may be used to check if the determined rate of change and/or the determined percent difference are either too high or too low to be true indications of the presence of an insult.

In one example, illustrated schematically in FIG. 17, after the microprocessor 93 determines that the comparison of an indicator value (e.g., difference indicator value, rate indicator value, or magnitude indicator value) to a respective threshold value is indicative of the presence of an insult (indicated by reference numeral 180, the microprocessor, at instructions 182 and 184, respectively, is instructed to determine whether the present resistance value (R) is greater than an upper check value (UCV) or less than a lower check value (LCV). If the present resistance value (R) is either greater than the upper check value (UCV) or less than the lower check value (LCV), then the microprocessor 93 is instructed to repeat the previous operations using a new resistance value, when applicable. If the present resistance value is neither greater than the upper check value nor less than the lower check value, then the microprocessor 93 is instructed at instruction 188 to activate the insult alarm 95, if no other intervening steps are present.

In another example of this embodiment (FIG. 18), a false-positive check circuit 190 is used to determine whether a resistance value is above or below the upper and lower check values, respectively. As illustrated schematically in FIG. 18, the analog output signal from the measuring device 85 is sent to the false-positive check circuit 190. The analog output signal (broadly, a comparative output signal) of the check circuit 190 is indicative of whether the present resistance value is above or below the upper and lower check values, respectively. In the particular example of FIG. 18, a conditioning circuit 192 receives the analog output signal of the check circuit 190 and produces an output signal to the microprocessor 93 indicative of the resistance value being above or below the upper and lower check values, respectively. Alternatively, in another example (not shown), the analog output signal of the check circuit can be converted into a digital output signal using an analog-to-digital converter. In this example, the microprocessor receives the digital output signal from the converter and compares the digital values to the upper and lower check values to determine if there is a false positive.

As an example, the check circuit 190 may comprise a window comparator circuit, as illustrated in FIG. 19. The check circuit 190 may comprise other types of circuits without departing from the scope of this invention. The input 195 of the check circuit 190 is the analog output signal from the measuring device 85, and the output 197 of the circuit is indicative of whether the resistance is above or below the upper and lower check values, respectively.

In another embodiment of the present invention, the microprocessor 93 is instructed to determine when the pants 20 are saturated. Typically, when the pants 20 are saturated, by urine for example, a microprocessor may continue to indicate the presence of an insult (e.g., continue to activate the insult alarm) even though the wearer has not produced another insult. This false-positive is typical when the test or indicator for the presence of an insult is comparing the resistance (or other electrical property) of the pants to a magnitude threshold value, as it typical in conventional monitoring systems. The false-positive occurs because the resistance of saturated pants, for example, is typically continuously less then the magnitude threshold value. Thus, according to this embodiment, the monitoring system of the present invention informs the caregiver and/or the wearer that the pants are saturated and that the pants should be changed and the monitoring system (or at least the components of the system within the housing) should be placed on a new pair of dry pants.

In one example of the present embodiment, the analog output signal from the measuring device 85 is converted into a digital output signal and sent to the microprocessor 93, as illustrated in FIG. 7 and explained above. Referring to FIG. 20, the microprocessor 93, at instruction 200, collects and stores resistance value (R1) from the digital output signal. Although this illustrated embodiment uses an all digital approach, it is understood that other examples may also use in part or in whole an analog approach, as would be generally understood by those in the art. At instruction 202 the microprocessor 93 compares the measured resistance value (R1) (broadly, the magnitude indicator value) to a magnitude threshold value (MTV) to determine whether the measured resistance is an indication of the presence of an insult (broadly, a first test). For example, the microprocessor 93 may be instructed to determine whether the resistance is less a magnitude threshold value of between about 30 KΩ and 90 KΩ, and more particularly about 55 KΩ. It is understood that this first test may be a test other than a magnitude threshold test without departing from the scope of this invention.

If the comparison is not indicative of the presence of an insult, then the microprocessor 93 is instructed to repeat the above steps and continue collecting, storing and comparing subsequent resistance values until the comparison of such to the magnitude threshold value is indicative of the presence of an insult. If the comparison is indicative of the presence of an insult, then the microprocessor 93 is instructed at 206 to determine whether the last insult alarm 95 (if there was one) was previously triggered within a preset time period. In one example, the microprocessor compares the amount of time that elapsed between the new insult and the previous insult and compares that amount to a time threshold value. For example, the time threshold value may be between 90 seconds and 300 seconds, and more particularly about 120 seconds. If the last insult alarm 95 was previously triggered within the preset time period, then the microprocessor 93 activates a saturation alarm at instruction 208. The saturation alarm is similar to the insult alarm 95 except that it notifies the caregiver and/or the wearer that the pants 20 are saturated and need to be changed. For example, the saturation alarm may play a different musical tune or make a different sound than the insult alarm which informs the caregiver and/or the wearer that the pants are saturated.

If the last insult alarm did not trigger less than a preset time period, then the microprocessor 93 activates the insult alarm 95 at instruction 210 to notify the caregiver and/or the wearer of the presence of an insult. During the activation of the insult alarm 95 the microprocessor 93 is instructed to cease determining the presence of an insult (e.g., comparing resistance values to the magnitude threshold value). The time of the alarm is stored in the microprocessor's memory at instruction 212, and the insult alarm 95 is activated for a period of time, for example between 15 seconds and 60 seconds. The period of time that the insult alarm 95 is activated may be a preset time built into the microprocessor 93 and/or the alarm. Alternatively, the monitoring system 70 may comprise of an alarm reset button (not shown), whereby the caregiver and/or the wearer may push the button to deactivate the alarm at anytime after activation thereof.

-   -   (d) After the period of time of the activation of the insult         alarm 95, the microprocessor 93 is instructed to delay further         analysis for a period of time at instruction 214 before         restarting its process of determining the presence of an insult         (e.g., delay comparing resistance values to the magnitude         threshold value). This delay function allows for the resistance         profile of the pants to stabilize after the occurrence of an         insult. The example shown in FIG. 20A illustrates the benefit of         the delay. As shown in FIG. 20A, at time T1 (i.e., at about 1.5         seconds) the resistance of the pants drops to about 30 KΩ         because of the presence of an insult. After the initial insult,         the resistance slowly increases over time due to the insult         being absorbed and mixing with the absorbent material of the         pants. The insult alarm 95 is deactivated (either manually by         the caregiver or user or by the microprocessor), at time T2         (e.g., at about 20 seconds). Without a delay instruction, the         microprocessor 93 would begin comparing the resistance values to         the threshold value immediately after deactivation of the alarm         (e.g., at time 20 seconds). Assuming the magnitude threshold         value is 55 KΩ, this would lead to either a false insult alarm         or a false saturation alarm because the resistance of the pants         at time 20 seconds is 50 KΩ. The resistance has not had ample         time to increase to its stabilization point (around 70 KΩ in         this example) and is still below the magnitude threshold value.         With the present time delay embodiment of this invention,         however, the determination of a subsequent insult by the         microprocessor is delayed, for example, for 30 seconds after the         deactivation of the insult alarm, thereby allowing the         resistance of the pants to increase to its stabilization         resistance (70 KΩ) at time T4 (i.e., 50 seconds). This delay         function decreases the chances of the microprocessor 93         detecting a false insult or false saturation, thereby making the         monitoring system 70 more accurate in detecting insults.     -   (e) As an example, the microprocessor 93 may be instructed to         delay for a preset time period between about 5 seconds and 600         seconds, and more particularly between about 10 seconds and         about 60 seconds before restarting its determination the         presence of an insult (e.g., comparing the present measured         resistance to the magnitude threshold value). The time delay may         be dependent on the length of the period of time of the         activation of the alarm. For example, where the insult alarm 95         is deactivated manually by the caregiver and/or the wearer (such         as by a push button) after 1 second, the time delay may be         greater than if the alarm is deactivated after 30 seconds. This         aspect of this embodiment of the invention is intuitive given         the purpose of allowing the resistance of the pants to         stabilize, as stated above.     -   (f) It is understood that the delay function and the saturation         detection function are not codependent functions of the         monitoring system of the present invention, and an embodiment of         the present invention may have one without the other without         departing from the scope of this invention.     -   (g) Referring now to FIGS. 21-23, yet another embodiment of the         monitoring system of the present invention substantially         combines aspects of the percent difference embodiment         illustrated in FIG. 9 and aspects of the rate of change         embodiment illustrated in FIG. 11 as a second test (e.g.,         comparing a first difference indicator value—DIV 1 and a first         rate indicator value—RIV 1, both of which are calculated using a         third resistance and a second resistance, to respective         threshold values—DTV and RTV) and a third test (e.g., comparing         a second difference indicator value—DIV 2 and a second rate         indicator value—RIV 2, both of which are calculated using a         third resistance and a first resistance, to respective threshold         values—DTV and RTV) as embodied in instructions 217 and 219,         respectively. The monitoring system 70 further combines the         saturation indicator and delay function embodiments illustrated         in FIG. 20, as embodied in instructions 221 and 223,         respectively.     -   (h) In one example of this embodiment, illustrated schematically         in FIG. 21, the microprocessor 93 is instructed at instruction         226 to compare a present resistance value (R3) (i.e., a         magnitude indicator value) to a wet/dry threshold value (W/DTV)         to determine if the pants have been previously insulted and are         ready for subsequent sensing, or are still dry and have not been         insulted. Although this illustrated embodiment uses an all         digital approach, it is understood that other examples may also         use in part or in whole an analog approach, as would be         generally understood by those in the art. As an example, the         microprocessor 93 may be instructed to determine if the         resistance value is above, for example, 200 KΩ (wet/dry         threshold value), which would indicate that the pants are dry         and not previously insulted. If the comparison of the resistance         value (R3) to the wet/dry threshold value (W/DTV) indicates that         the pants are dry (e.g., R 3 is greater than 200 KΩ), then the         microprocessor 93 is instructed at instruction 228 to determine         if the present electrical value compared to a magnitude         threshold value is indicative of the presence of an insult         (broadly, a first test). For example, the microprocessor 93 may         determine if the present value of resistance is less than a         magnitude threshold of between about 30 KΩ and 90 KΩ, and more         particularly about 55 KΩ. If the comparison of the present         resistance value to the magnitude threshold value is not         indicative of the presence of an insult, then the microprocessor         93 continues collecting, storing and comparing resistance values         to the magnitude threshold value looking for a comparison that         is indicative of the presence of an insult. As illustrated by         FIG. 21, the microprocessor 93 does not run the wet/dry test         again, although doing so would not depart from the scope of this         invention.     -   (i) If the comparison of the resistance value (R3) to the         wet/dry threshold value (W/DTV) at instruction 226 is not         indicative of the pants being dry (i.e., it is indicative of the         pants being wet), then the microprocessor 93 is instructed to         skip the first test (embodied in instruction 228) of comparing         the present electrical value to the magnitude threshold value.         Typically, after the first insult (i.e., after the pants have         been previously insulted), comparing the resistance of the pants         20 to a threshold value (i.e., performing the first test) is not         beneficial because of the inaccuracies of the test after a first         insult. However, this test may be beneficial when the pants are         dry, which is why the test is performed when it is indicated         that the pants are dry.     -   (j) If either the comparison of the present resistance value to         the dry/wet threshold value is indicative of the pants being         previously insulted and ready to detect subsequent voids (e.g.,         R3<W/DTV) or the pants are dry (e.g., R3>W/DTV) and the         comparison of the present value to the magnitude threshold value         is indicative of the presence of an insult (e.g., R3<MTV), then         the microprocessor runs the second test at the instruction 217         and possibly the third test at the instruction 219 to determine         the presence of the insult. The second and third tests, which         are explained in detail above, involve determining whether the         percent difference and rate of change between the third and         second values are indicative of the presence of an insult (e.g.,         DIV 1>DTV and RIV 1>DTV) and whether the percent change and rate         of change between the third and first values are indicative of         the presence of an insult (e.g., DIV 1>DTV and RIV 1>DTV). If         the second test or the third test is indicative of the presence         of an insult, then the microprocessor 93 is instructed to         perform the saturation indication test at the instruction 221         and time delay function at the instruction 223 as explained         above and illustrated in FIG. 20 and the present Figure. If         neither the second test nor the third test is indicative of the         presence of an insult, then the microprocessor 93 is instructed         to run the second test and possibly the third test again with a         new present resistance value (e.g., a fourth value), until a         present value passes one of the tests.     -   (k) Another example (FIG. 22) of this embodiment is similar to         the example illustrated by FIG. 21. This example includes         instructions for calculating a new magnitude threshold value to         compare with the present resistance value if the microprocessor         93 determines that the pants 20 have been wetted, and are now         detecting subsequent voids. Although this illustrated embodiment         uses an all digital approach, it is understood that other         examples may also use in part or in whole an analog approach, as         would be generally understood by those in the art. As explained         above, after the pants 20 have been wetted, the resistance of         the pants when the resistance stabilizes is different from when         the pants were dry, and therefore, using the fixed magnitude         threshold value (e.g., 55 KΩ) may not be beneficial because it         may falsely trigger the insult alarm 95. For example, after a         first insult, the resistance of the pants may stabilize after         the initial decrease to a resistance of 50 KΩ. If the         microprocessor 93 solely uses a test with a magnitude threshold         value being 55 KΩ, then the microprocessor will trigger the         insult alarm even though a subsequent insult has not occurred.         Calculating a new threshold based on the average resistance         value of the pants after the first insult helps to prevent this         occurrence of detecting false positives.     -   (l) FIG. 22 illustrates schematically instructions for the         microprocessor 93 for performing the above function of         calculating a new magnitude threshold value. Although this         illustrated embodiment uses an all digital approach, it is         understood that other examples may also use in part or in whole         an analog approach, as would be generally understood by those in         the art. At instruction 231, the microprocessor compares the         present resistance value (i.e., a third value) to a wet/dry         threshold value (e.g., 200 KΩ) to determine if the pants are wet         or dry, as explained above with reference to the example of         FIG. 21. If the comparison indicates that the pants are dry         (e.g., the third value is greater than 200 KΩ), then the         microprocessor 93 is instructed at instructions 233 and 235,         respectively, to set the magnitude threshold value to the         predefined value (e.g., 55 KΩ) and compare the present         resistance value to the threshold value to determine the         presence of an insult.     -   (m) If the comparison indicates that the pants have been wetted         (e.g., the third resistance value is less than 200 KΩ), then the         microprocessor 93 is instructed at instruction 237 and 235,         respectively, to set an average magnitude threshold value as the         magnitude threshold value and compare the present resistance         value to the magnitude threshold value. The average resistance         value at which the resistance in the pants has stabilized is         calculated by the microprocessor 93 at instruction 240 after the         activation of the insult alarm 95 and the delay period. At         instruction 237, this average resistance value is multiplied by         some percentage less than 100% to calculate the average         magnitude threshold value. For example, the average resistance         value may be multiplied by a percent between 50% and 95%, or         more particularly, a percent between 80% and 90%.     -   (n) If the comparison of the present resistance value with the         averaged threshold value is indicative of the presence of an         insult, then the subsequent instructions for the microprocessor         are similar to the instructions of the previous example         illustrated in FIG. 21, except that if the third test (e.g., the         comparison of the percent difference and rate change between the         third value and first value) is not indicative of the presence         of an insult, then the microprocessor is instructed to return to         instruction 231 and compare a new resistance value (e.g., a         fourth value) to a wet/dry threshold value, and compare the new         value to an appropriate threshold (i.e., either the fixed         magnitude threshold or the average magnitude threshold).     -   (o) Yet another example, illustrated schematically in FIG. 23,         is similar to the example given in FIG. 22 and explained above.         The present example further includes instructions for delaying         the determination of the average magnitude threshold value until         the resistance of the pants 20 has substantially stabilized         after an insult. As explained above, after the pants 20 have         been wetted by an insult, the resistance of the pants continues         to generally climb over a period of time after the occurrence of         the insult. Thus, it is advantageous to instruct the         microprocessor 93 to wait to until the resistance of the article         has substantially stabilized before instructed the         microprocessor to calculate the average magnitude threshold         value in order to calculate a more accurate average of the         resistance.     -   (p) In the present embodiment, change in the electrical property         of the article 20 is monitored to determine if the electrical         property has stabilized. For example, the monitored change may         be a rate of change (determined, for example, in the manner         described above), a percent change, or any other change that is         generally indicative of the stabilization of the electrical         property of the article. In the example illustrated in FIG. 23,         after the activation of the insult alarm and the delay, the         microprocessor 93 is instructed at instruction 242 to compare         the percent change of the resistance of the pants to a lower         preset percent (broadly, a lower preset value) to determine if         the resistance is greater than the lower preset percent. The         lower preset percent may be, for example, between −0.1% and         −10%, or more particularly, about −5%. The microprocessor may         calculate the percent change of the resistance in the same         manner as it calculated the percent difference, as illustrated         schematically in FIG. 8. That is, the microprocessor collects         and stores a resistance value, delays, then collects and stores         a subsequent resistance value. The latter value is subtracted         from the former value and the difference is divided by the         former value to get a percent change value. The resistance         values collected after the activation of the insult alarm are         used in this calculation. Other ways of calculating a percent         change is within the scope of this invention.     -   (q) If the resistance of the pants 20 is not increasing at a         rate greater than the lower preset percent (e.g., less than         −5%), then the microprocessor 93 is instructed to delay a preset         time period at instruction 244. For example, the delay period         may be between 60 seconds and 300 seconds, and more particularly         about 120 seconds. After the time delay, the microprocessor 93         is instructed at 245 to compare a new percent change of the         resistance that is calculated after the time delay of         instruction 244 to the lower preset percent to determine if the         resistance is greater than the lower preset percent. If the         resistance is still not increasing at a rate greater than the         lower preset percent, then the microprocessor 93 is instructed         to activate the saturation alarm.     -   (r) If the resistance of the pants is increasing at a rate         greater than the lower preset percent (e.g., greater than −5%)         either before or after the time delay of instruction 244, the         microprocessor 93 is instructed at instruction 246 to compare         the percent change of the resistance to an upper preset percent         (broadly, an upper preset value) to determine if the percent         change is less than the upper preset percent. The upper preset         percent may be, for example, between 1% and 10%, and more         particularly about 5%. If the percent change is less than the         upper preset percent, then the microprocessor is instructed the         instruction 240 to begin calculating the average resistance to         be used in the average magnitude threshold value. That is, after         the resistance has stabilized as indicated by the percent change         being greater than the lower preset percent and less than the         upper preset percent, the microprocessor 93 is instructed to         begin sampling the resistance and using the sampled resistance         for calculating the average resistance (e.g., average         resistance). If the percent change is greater than the upper         preset percent, then the microprocessor 93 is instructed to         continue testing for when the percent change of the resistance         is less than the upper preset percent, thereby signifying that         the resistance has substantially stabilized. The computed         average resistance is stored and used as needed.

As noted above, in one embodiment, wetness sensing in an absorbent product may be based on electronic measurements; typically an external circuit uses simple thresholds to identify wetness. On the other hand, there are several variables that have been discovered capable of affecting the electrical profile of the product during single and multiple wetting events. Some of these variables include but are not limited to product size, absorbent structure, age of user, urine composition, gender, intended use, and demographics. In order to provide a wetness sensor that spans at least some of these variables, one embodiment of the invention as illustrated in FIGS. 25-32 includes ubiquitous wetness sensing algorithms. Alternatively, as noted below, some product alterations may be implemented to monitor and/or optimize an effect for electronic profiling of the product; affecting wetness response or potentially tuning for a particular use/category/age/gender.

In various of the above noted embodiments, analog and digital methods of wetness sensing in an absorbent product are accomplished by sampling of an electrical parameter over some time and monitoring for a drop in the parameter that passes a particular threshold range. These methods may result less predictable wetness identification accuracy due to many variables in the product, user, and environment. Some of these variables may be the following: product, materials, absorbent structure (SAM/Fluff ratio), configuration, size, shape; user, age, gender, ionic concentration of urine, intended use of the product (enuretic, training, incontinence, etc.); and environment, demographics, water ionic concentration, typical ethic diets, climate, etc.

In one embodiment, a ubiquitous wetness sensing algorithm that treats various uncontrollable variables as transparent during operation of a monitoring device may be employed. In addition, a different, second algorithm may be used to accurately detect subsequent insults after a first insult within a product.

Details on product variance and effects on electrical signaling characteristics may be considered and taken into account. For example, it has been observed in measurement of the resistance between two conductors in an absorbent undergarment that as the fluff/SAM ratio is altered for gender or intended use of the product, key characteristics of the electrical response of the product change as well. In particular, it is thought that the fluff/SAM matrix formed during wetting moves water from the conductors with varying efficiency in response to varying concentrations.

FIG. 24 shows a graph that relates the resistance minimum (e.g., the lowest value of resistance measured at the time of the first insult) of a first insult to the fluff/SAM ratio of products tested. It illustrates a correlation that as the SAM is increased in the product the resistance minimum increases accordingly. The algorithms of the embodiments of FIGS. 25, 26A and 26B use a combination of threshold values, rate of change, percent change, and moving averages to accomplish identification methods that is independent of the variables discussed previously and may be more accurate in certain configurations. Since the product may change characteristics considerably once the first insult is received, the resistance of the product will drop from effectively infinity to some nominal value and only returns a small percentage of the starting resistance. This would minimize using a similar threshold value to detect a second insult. One could predict where the resistance return would most likely occur and try to program a second threshold value; unfortunately this is where product, user, and environment can vary so much that accurate sensing is difficult.

The algorithms described in FIGS. 25, 26A and 26B adjust accordingly by sampling the new resistance values over a set time and adjust the threshold resistance to a certain percentage of the new sampled moving average value. At the time of a wetness event there is an observable, but not predictable (as to how extensive), drop in resistance. For all wetness events a rate of change parameter may be used to look at the amount the resistance has changed in a set sampling time and be a second check for the threshold as to a true wetness event.

FIGS. 25, 26A and 26B show a layout of various embodiments of algorithms that implement the above to determine the time of insult and reset to detect additional insults. Alternative algorithms using these elemental building blocks could be constructed to reach the same accurate and effective wetness sensing. In addition to the algorithms, the effects of the product configuration on the electrical performance could be leveraged to create products that perform with certain criteria. These criteria could be determined by the intended use/demographic/gender of the user, or other aspects related the user. This would be in effect a “tuning” of the product for the intended use.

Since it has been observed that the SAM in combination with fluff (SAM/fluff ratio effects) will alter the resistance profile of a product, it is contemplated that in one embodiment, the SAM/fluff would be laid in a gradient of increasing or decreasing ratio. This could be done in a target zone of the pad to focus the resistance drop for a first insult, but leave the electrical signal less responsive for later insults. A lower limit electrical response could be used to determine the product is at or near saturation level and needs to be changed. Alternatively or in addition, an increasing gradient as you move away from the insult zone would allow for an increased wicking as the product fills which would allow for the product to recover electrically quicker after subsequent insults.

A bimodal or a trimodal distribution of SAM provides an absorbent core zone for the alarm electrodes which may improve the consistency and reliability of the alarm function. As mentioned above, the higher the level of SAM in the absorbent article, the higher the resistance valve the alarm sees in the absorbent article. As the resistance increases in a given absorbent structure of the article, the resistance variability also increases. Resistance values in absorbent articles can be locally maintained at low levels by zoning the SAM in the absorbent structure thereby improving the reliability of the alarm to detect changes in resistance. FIG. 28 is an example of a schematic representation of an absorbent article 420 where conductors are placed in a low or no SAM zone 424 in the absorbent structure rather than within a zone including the absorbent material 426. The absorbent material 426 represents a plot of the fluff to SAM ratio. As material 426 schematically illustrates, as you move from the center toward the edges, the concentration of SAM increases and then decreases. FIG. 28 also illustrates an optional coform patch 428 on the conductors 422.

Alternatively or in addition, coform or any other type of wicking material or surge management layer 45 or 428 can be placed in contact with the conductors to enhance the electrical signal in the product. Some advantages of using a coform are (1) more consistent resistant drop when insult occurs and (2) making the product more responsive to different user positions. FIG. 27 is an example of an absorbent article with a coform patch 400 overlaying foil conductors 402, 404 which overlay absorbent material 406 on a fluid impervious sheet 408. When an insult occurs, the coform 400 will temporary hold the fluid until it will be absorbed by the absorbent material 406 underneath. This temporary holding of the fluid by the coform 400 will provide more a consistent electrical signal. Also, if the user is laying on his/her side, the coform patch provides a means to wick the fluid across the conductors to provide more consistence and more sensitive electrical signals. TABLE A RMIN Fluff: SAM MALE PULL-UPS ™ 42849.8 0.727272727 MALE PULL-UPS ™ 46462.5 0.68 MALE PULL-UPS ™ 38228 0.666666667 FEMALE GOODNITES ™ 57341 1 FEMALE GOODNITES ™ 60924 1 MALE GOODNITES ™ 60065 1 MALE GOODNITES ™ 57787 1

Table A displays a correlation found between fluff to SAM weight ratio in a diaper and the respective resistance minimum reached. As the relative FLUFF amount increases, so does the resistance minimum reached. FIG. 24 is a graph that represents the data provided in Table A, the upper line representing PULL-UPST™ and the lower line representing GOODNITES™.

FIG. 25 illustrates a flow diagram of an embodiment according to the invention. In this embodiment, the resistance R of two electrodes within the absorbent article is monitored. Initially, at 250, a sampling rate such as 3 hertz is employed in a sleep mode. The purpose of this sleep mode is to determine whether or not the resistance R moves from a high threshold value to a measurable value such as 2 MΩ indicating that an insult may have occurred (e.g., the threshold value may be infinity or near infinity relative to other values; infinity may be assumed based on order of magnitude differences between insult and no insult resistances). Thus, 252 indicates that the resistance is being monitored to determine a change in resistance. At 254, during each sampling, it is determined whether the resistance R is below 2 MΩ. If it is not, the flow diagram returns to 250 to continue to monitor the resistance.

In the event of an insult so that the resistance falls below 2 MΩ, the process proceeds to 256 to exit the sleep mode and begin sampling at an increased sampling frequency (e.g., 10/sec). At this point, a number of samples such as 10 samples is taken and stored in order to calculate a slope S1 indicative of the rate of change of the resistance R. At 260 it is determined whether the slope S1 of the last 10 resistance samples is less than a preset threshold (e.g., −10000) thereby indicating the presence of an insult. If the slope does not meet this threshold at 260, the process returns to 252 to monitor the resistance.

If the slope S1 is less than the threshold, the process proceeds to 262 to determine whether the resistance has fallen below a lower threshold (e.g., 200K, which is indicative of an insult of most products) for a preset period of time, indicative of wetness. A variable q is used in an incremental counter loop to count a preset period of time and confirm that the resistance R is less than the threshold, such as 200 KΩ. In general, in one embodiment, the loops determine if any noise or random electrical signals are in the system. A loop allows instant changes that return quickly in the signal being sensed to be ignored. If this is confirmed, the process proceeds to 268 to sound an alarm indicating an insult has been found. At this point, a 60 second waiting period is implemented during which the device does not respond to any further changes in resistance. This allows the absorbent article to stabilize and recover and the process resumes analysis at the end of this period, for example, 60 seconds. At this point, the process proceeds to FIGS. 26A and 26B to use a different analysis in order to determine a subsequent insult.

On the other hand, if at 262 the resistance R does not maintain a value which is less than the threshold (200K) for the preset period of time (e.g., 0.5 seconds), the process proceeds from 262 to 264 to again consider whether or not the resistance has fallen below a threshold, such as the initial threshold employed at decision step 254. If it has not, this suggests that an insult did not occur and the process returns to the sleep mode at 250 to monitor the resistance of the absorbent article. However, if the resistance is determined at 264 to be below the threshold (e.g., 2M), this suggests at an insult has occurred and a variable s is used in an incremental counter loop to count out a period of time, such as 3 seconds (e.g., 30*freq. of 10/sec) to allow the resistance to go below the threshold of 262 at 200K. If the resistance does not go below the threshold during the period counted by variable s, at 262 the counter times out and the process proceeds to FIG. 26A assuming that an undetectable insult has occurred or there is a level moisture within the absorbent article so that a different process needs to be used to determine further insults.

FIGS. 26A and 26B illustrate a post-initial insult process for determining a second or subsequent insult and the process for determining an insult when the initial insult may not have been properly determined but the resistance indicates a value of less than the first threshold of 2 MΩ but greater than the second threshold of 200 KΩ. As with FIG. 25, the process begins in a sleep mode with a sampling rate of 3 hertz at 302. At 304 the resistance value R is polled to generate sufficient samples for a representative sample (e.g., 10 samples) which are used to calculate a slope S2 of the resistance. In one embodiment, several points are collected and a curve fit is applied to determine the slope value, e.g., the fit over the last 10 points. At 306, is it determined whether the slope S2 is less than a threshold, such as −75. If it is, a faster slope change is detected and the process proceeds to exit the sleep mode at 308 and the sampling rate is increased to increase data resolution to provide a closer evaluation of the resistance of the absorbent article. If at 306 the slope S2 is not less than the threshold, a slower or no slope change is detected and the process proceeds to 310 to determine whether the slope S2 is within a range which is below the threshold value such as greater than −5 and less than 6.5. If it is not, an insufficient slope change suggests no insult and the process resumes in the sleep mode at 302.

If the slope S2 stays within the range detected at 310 for the count of 10 (e.g., 3.3 sec) as determined by a variable c used in an incremental counter loop, the process proceeds to 312 to calculate Ravg (R average; a moving average over the last 2 seconds). In one embodiment, S2 is determined by continuous sampling of R by the microprocessor, followed by a curve fit. In one embodiment, Ravg is determined by sampling, storing and calculating values over some period of time. Thus, the same data may be used for calculating both S2 and Ravg, with different calculations being performed by the microprocessor using the same data. If Ravg has a slope S2 of less than −75 as determined at 314, then the process proceeds to 316, FIG. 26B to exit the sleep mode. If the slope S2 is not less than −75 at 314, the process proceeds to 318 to again check the range of the slope. If the slope is within a range such as the range at 310, (e.g., greater than −5 and less than 6.5) as determined at 318, the process continues at 312 until the slope meets the criteria of less than −75 at 314. If at 318 the slope S2 is not within the range, then the process returns to the sleep mode at 302.

Upon exiting the sleep mode at 308, the process proceeds to 322 of FIG. 26B to determine whether the resistance is less than a threshold value. In this case, the threshold is set at 89% of the maximum resistance Rmax value found over the 2 seconds preceding the determination at 306 that the slope S2 was less than −75. If at 322 the resistance R is less than the threshold, and if this resistance value of less than the threshold persists for a period of time (e.g., 10 counts as determined by a variable q used in an incremental counter loop), then the process proceeds to 324 to sound an alarm that an insult has occurred and begin a 60 second waiting period. Thereafter, the process returns to 302. If at 322 it is determined that R is not less than the threshold and at 326 it is determined that R is less than Rmax, then a variable q is used in an incremental counter loop (e.g., 30 iterations; 60 seconds) to allow R to be less than the threshold at 322. If R does not become less than the threshold or R is greater than Rmax, then the process returns to the sleep mode at 304.

If the process exits the sleep mode at 316, the process then proceeds to compare R to a percentage such as 89% of the average resistance at 330. If R maintains this value of less than the threshold for 10 iterations as determined by the counter q, the process proceeds to 324 to sound an alarm and wait 60 seconds. If a 330 R is not less than the threshold, and R is less than Ravg (e.g., as was determined by sampling from the previous 2 seconds), the process continues for 30 iterations to allow R to become less than the threshold. If R does not become less than the threshold within the 30 counts or if R becomes greater than Ravg, the process returns to 302 and the sleep mode.

FIG. 29 is a graph illustrating resistance vs. time of a saline profile simulating a first insult at 502. FIG. 30 is a graph illustrating resistance vs. time of a saline profile simulating a first insult at 504 followed by a second insult at 506. As noted above, the first and second insults have different profiles so that either threshold values 508 or 510 for detecting the first insult would not detect the second insult.

FIG. 31 is the profile of FIG. 30 illustrating the logic of the operation of the flow diagrams of FIGS. 25 and 26A and 26B, including the R<2M as a wake up threshold to exit the sleep mode (see 254 of FIG. 25), slope S1 (see 260 of FIG. 25) and threshold R<200K (see 262 of FIG. 25) to detect an insult, the 60 second waiting period after an alarm (see 268 of FIG. 25), the moving average (see 312 of FIG. 26A), slope S2 (see 306 of FIG. 26A) and percentage change (see 326 and 330 of FIG. 26B).

It is understood that the exemplary values and range of values, given for the above tests/checks, including exemplary values given for the threshold values, such as difference threshold value (DTV), the rate threshold value (RTV), the lower check value (LCV), the upper check value (UCV), the magnitude threshold value (MTV), the time threshold value for the saturation indicator embodiment, the time delay period, the wet/dry threshold value (W/DTV), and the upper and lower preset percents, are merely examples, and the values and time periods actually employed in the invention may change, depending on such variables as material characteristics of the pants (especially, at the monitoring area), the type of sensor used, the type of conductors used, location of the conductors within the pants, user preference, and any other variables affecting the indicator values and time periods used in the various tests. It is also understood that the exemplary values and range of values, given for the variables calculated above, e.g., Rmax and Ravg, as well as the process for calculating the values may change, depending on such other variables as material characteristics of the pants (especially, at the monitoring area), the type of sensor used, the type of conductors used, location of the conductors within the pants, user preference, and any other variables affecting the indicator values and time periods used in the various tests.

When introducing elements of the present invention or the embodiments thereof, the articles “a”, “an”, “the” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising”, “including” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.

In view of the above, it will be seen that the several objects of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained.

As various changes could be made in the above constructions, products, and methods without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. 

1. A method of detecting the presence of an insult within an absorbent article, said method comprising: monitoring an electrical property of the article as the article is being worn by a wearer wherein the electrical property changes in response to an insult; determining a slope in a parameter of the electrical property over time; comparing the slope to a threshold value to determine the presence of an insult.
 2. The method as set forth in claim 1 further comprising communicating the presence of an insult to a caregiver and/or a wearer when the difference indicator value compared to the slope is indicative of the presence of an insult.
 3. The method as set forth in claim 1 wherein said monitoring comprises producing an analog output signal indicative of the electrical property of the article, and wherein said method of detecting further comprises converting the analog output signal into digital values stored in a memory corresponding to the electrical property of the article at intervals of time, calculating the slope in the electrical property of the article over time using the stored digital values, and comparing the slope to a threshold value stored in the memory.
 4. The method as set forth in claim 3 wherein the electrical property comprises a resistance value of the absorbent article and wherein the calculated value is a slope value such that when the slope is below the threshold value an insult is indicated.
 5. The method as set forth in claim 1: (1) wherein the article has a coform layer in contact with two conductors and wherein monitoring an electrical property comprises measuring a resistance value between the two conductors; or (2) wherein the article has a zone with lower levels of an absorbent material in contact with the two conductors and wherein monitoring an electrical property comprises measuring a resistance value between the two conductors.
 6. The method as set forth in claim 1 further comprising comparing the electrical property over a preset period of time to a threshold value to determine the presence of an insult.
 7. The method as set forth in claim 6 further comprising determining a threshold value and comparing the electrical property to the determined threshold value to determine the presence of an insult.
 8. The method as set forth in claim 1 further comprising determining a threshold value and comparing the electrical property to the determined threshold value to determine the presence of an insult.
 9. A method of detecting the presence of an insult within an absorbent article, said method comprising: monitoring an electrical property of the article as the article is being worn by a wearer wherein the electrical property changes in response to an insult; comparing the electrical property over a preset period of time to a threshold value to determine the presence of an insult.
 10. The method of claim 9 wherein the monitoring comprises sampling the electrical property at a sampling rate and wherein the threshold value is a function of the sampling rate.
 11. The method as set forth in claim 10 further comprising communicating the presence of an insult to a caregiver and/or a wearer when the electrical property over time compared to the threshold value is indicative of the presence of an insult.
 12. The method as set forth in claim 10 wherein said monitoring comprises producing an analog output signal indicative of the electrical property of the article, and wherein said method of detecting further comprises converting the analog output signal into digital values stored in a memory corresponding to the electrical property of the article at intervals of time, calculating the electrical property over time using the stored digital values, and comparing the electrical property over time to a threshold value stored in the memory.
 13. The method as set forth in claim 12 wherein the electrical property comprises a resistance value of the absorbent article such that when the resistance over time is below the threshold value an insult is indicated.
 14. The method as set forth in claim 10: (1) wherein the article has a coform layer in contact with two conductors and wherein monitoring an electrical property comprises measuring a resistance value between the two conductors; or (2) wherein the article has a zone with lower levels of an absorbent material in contact with the two conductors and wherein monitoring an electrical property comprises measuring a resistance value between the two conductors.
 15. The method as set forth in claim 10 further comprising determining a threshold value and comparing the electrical property to the determined threshold value to determine the presence of an insult.
 16. A method of detecting the presence of an insult within an absorbent article, said method comprising: monitoring an electrical property of the article as the article is being worn by a wearer wherein the electrical property changes in response to an insult; determining a threshold value; comparing the electrical property to the determined threshold value to determine the presence of an insult.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the threshold is determined as a function of a moving average of the electrical property or as a function of a value of the electrical property over a preset period of time.
 18. The method as set forth in claim 17 further comprising communicating the presence of an insult to a caregiver and/or a wearer when the electrical property compared to the determined threshold value is indicative of the presence of an insult.
 19. The method as set forth in claim 17 wherein said monitoring comprises producing an analog output signal indicative of the electrical property of the article, and wherein said method of detecting further comprises converting the analog output signal into digital values stored in a memory corresponding to the electrical property of the article at intervals of time, calculating the electrical property and the threshold value using the stored digital values, and comparing the calculated electrical property to the determined threshold value.
 20. The method as set forth in claim 19 wherein the electrical property comprises a resistance value of the absorbent article such that when the resistance is below the determined threshold value an insult is indicated.
 21. The method as set forth in claim 17 wherein the article has a coform layer in contact with two conductors and wherein monitoring an electrical property comprises measuring a resistance value between the two conductors.
 22. A sensor apparatus for use in detecting the presence of an insult within an absorbent article, the sensor apparatus comprising: a measuring component for measuring an electrical property of the article as the article is being worn by a wearer, the measuring component producing an analog output signal indicative of the electrical property of the article; an analog-to-digital converter for converting the analog signal of the measuring component into digital values; and a microprocessor for receiving the digital values from the converter, said microprocessor determining at least one of the following: (a) a slope of the electrical property or of a value which is a function of the electrical property, the slope being compared to a threshold; (b) a comparison of the electrical property over a period of time to a threshold value; and/or (c) a comparison of the electrical property to a threshold value; said microprocessor determining the presence of an insult in the article as a function of determining (a), (b) and/or (c).
 23. The method as set forth in claim 22: (1) wherein the article has a coform layer in contact with two conductors and wherein monitoring an electrical property comprises measuring a resistance value between the two conductors; or (2) wherein the article has a zone with lower levels of an absorbent material in contact with the two conductors and wherein monitoring an electrical property comprises measuring a resistance value between the two conductors.
 24. An article for use in potty-training a wearer of the article, the article comprising: a liner adapted for contiguous relationship with the wearer's body; an outer cover in generally opposed relationship with the liner; an absorbent body disposed between the liner and the outer cover; a sensor for use in detecting the presence of an insult within the article, said sensor comprising a measuring component for measuring an electrical property of the article as the article is being worn by a wearer, the measuring component producing an analog output signal indicative of the electrical property of the article, an analog-to-digital converter for converting the analog signal of the measuring component into digital values, and a microprocessor for receiving the digital values from the converter, said microprocessor determining at least one of the following: (a) a slope of the electrical property or of a value which is a function of the electrical property, the slope being compared to a threshold; (b) a comparison of the electrical property over a period of time to a threshold value; and/or (c) a comparison of the electrical property to a threshold value; said microprocessor determining the presence of an insult in the article as a function of determining (a), (b) and/or (c); and an alarm device for receiving an electrical signal from the microprocessor indicating that the microprocessor has determined the presence of an insult in the article, said alarm device notifying a caregiver and/or the wearer of the presence of the insult in the article.
 25. The article of 24: (1) wherein the measuring component comprises a pair of spaced apart generally parallel conductors and a layer of coform material is in contact with the conductors; or (2) wherein the measuring component comprises a pair of spaced apart generally parallel conductors and a zone of lower absorbent material is in contact with the conductors. 